水煤浆气化和燃烧技术是洁净煤技术的重要组成部分，提高水煤浆质量对实现煤炭资源的清洁高效利用具有重大的环境和经济价值，其中水煤浆分散剂是影响制备水煤浆质量的主要因素之一，开发新型高效的水煤浆分散剂一直是研究的热点。以腐植酸磺酸盐和木质素磺酸盐为代表的常规分散剂具有明显的制浆成本优势，但水煤浆浆体的稳定性较差且表观黏度较高，不适合长时间存储或长距离运输；以萘型和聚羧酸型为代表的分散剂在上述两方面显著优于前2种，但吨浆成本较高，虽然通过几种分散剂的复配可以在一定程度上弥补上述不足，但利用化学改性提高分散剂性能的研究从未间断，如增加羧基、羟基、磺酸基等亲水性官能团或聚合接枝不同结构类型的侧链结构的方式以增强分散剂性能。通过分析上述研究成果，发现虽然一段时间内水煤浆分散剂仍以复配型的木质素型和萘型分散剂为主，但利用低成本的改性剂对聚羧酸型和非离子型分散剂进行改性是未来的研发重点，有望实现高性能低成本分散剂的突破，此外，利用改性天然产物或废弃物获得水煤浆分散剂也是重要的研究方向，具有一定的环保和循环经济意义。

Coal-Water Slurry(CWS）gasification and combustion technology is an important part of clean coal technology. High quality CWS has great environmental and economic value for realizing the clean and efficient utilization of coal. The CSW dispersant is one of the main factors affecting the CWS quality. The development of new and efficient CWS dispersant has always been a research hotspot. The conventional dispersants such as lignin based and humic acid sulfonate dispersants have obvious cost advantages with poor stability and high apparent viscosity,which is not suitable for long-time storage or long-distance transportation. Meanwhile,the dispersants such as naphthalene and poly carboxylic acid based are superior to the first two in viscosity reduce of CWS with a high cost. The combination method that mixes the above dispersants together at a certain proportion is effective to make up the shortage caused by one dispersant. However,the attempt to improve the performance of dispersant by chemical modification is uninterrupted,such as adding hydrophilic functional groups as carboxyl,hydroxyl and sulfonic groups and grafting different side chain structure to the main structure of dispersant. In this paper,these achievements were reviewed.  The analysis shows that lignin and naphthalene based dispersants are dominated in the CWS market,but the modification of poly carboxylic and nonionic dispersants with low cost modifier is the focus of future research and development,which is expected to achieve a breakthrough in high-performance and low-cost dispersants. In addition,the use of natural products and its waste to prepare CWS dispersants is also a competitive direction in the view of environmental protection and circular economy.

0 引言

1 水煤浆分散剂种类与分散机理

2 分散剂研究现状

   2.1 木质素型

   2.2 萘型

   2.3 聚羧酸型

   2.4 非离子型

3 发展趋势

4 结语